Nepal – the land of the legendary Sherpas and Gurkhas and enlightened Lord Buddha and Janaki -- is unparalleled in natural beauty and biodiversity, rich culture with amazing diversity, round the year festivities, mild and sunny weather very much throughout the year, and friendly and smiling people. Kathmandu, the capital, is the largest open museum in the world – with palaces, temples, old architecture, and new developments. Nearly 500,000 tourists visit Nepal every year, and that number is growing. There are things to see, do, learn and enjoy for everyone with all sorts of pockets.

The Licchavis who, according to the 5th century A.D. inscriptions found in the Changunarayan temple located 15 km northeast of Kathmandu, replaced the Kirantis and ruled this country from 1st century to 9th century A.D. This period is noted for the many temples and fine sculptures built around the Kathmandu valley.

The Licchavis were followed by the Thakuris, and then came the Malla dynasty. The Mallas ruled mainly in the Kathmandu Valley, which has been the capital of most Nepali rulers since time immemorial. Kathmandu is extremely rich in cultural heritage, thanks to the exceptionally talented crafts-men, who constructed many temples and statues. The Kathmandu Valley has seven world heritage sites.

In the 14th century A.D. King Jayasthiti Malla established a rigid social order. His grandson could not hold his territories together, and the territories were divided up into 50 small feudal states, including the three major ones in the valley.

Then came the Shah dynasty. King Prithvi Narayan Shah annexed small principalities, including three states in the Kathmandu Valley, and unified Nepal into a single kingdom. He feared the threat of the British Raj in India and dismissed European missionaries from the country, leading to isolation for more than a century. In the mid-19th century Jung Bahadur Rana became Nepal's first prime minister to wield absolute power. The Ranas were overthrown in a democracy movement of the early 1950s.

Nepal was declared a Federal Democratic Republic state on May 28, 2008, during the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly. It was previously a multiparty democracy since 1990.

Physical features also include green paddy terraces, wind-swept deserts, dense forests and marshy grasslands. The country is well endowed with perennial rivers, lakes and glacial lakes that originate in the Himalayas. Twenty percent of the land in the country is used for agriculture. Climatic conditions of Nepal vary depending on the elevations. Generally, summers are cool and winters severe in the north, and in the south, summers are sub-tropical and winters mild.

Nepal's varied topography is home to such wildlife as tigers, rhinos, monkeys, bears, yaks, leopards and different species of insects and birds. The country boasts almost 10 percent of the world's bird species, and the Kathmandu valley alone has 500 species.

The country's extensive parks and protected natural habitats preserve some the endangered species of wildlife in Asia. Its most abundant natural resource is water. Other resources found here are quartz, timber, lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore and scenic beauty.

The altitude of this region ranges between 4877 meters and 8848 meters with the snow line running around 4888 meters. It includes 8 of the tallest 14 peaks in the world. They are: (1) Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) - 8848 m (2) Kangchenjunga - 8586 m, (3) Lhotse - 8516 m, (4) Makalu - 8463 m, (5) Cho Oyo - 8201 m, (6) Dhaulagiri - 8167 m, (7) Manaslu - 8163 m, and (8) Annapurna - 8091 m.

This region accounts for about 64 percent of the total land area and consists of the Mahabharat range that rises up to 4877 meters. To its south lies the lower Churia range whose altitude varies from 610 meters to 1524 meters.

The lowland Terai region, which has a width of about 26 to 32 kilometers and the maximum altitude of 305 meters, occupies about 17 percent of total land area of the country. Kechana Kalan, the lowest point of the country has the altitude of 70 meters and lies in Jhapa District of eastern Terai.

Evidently, there is no seasonal constraint on travelling in and through Nepal. Even in December and January, the southern plains are warm and balmy; and mid-hills have sunny, comfortable and bright days. In Kathmandu, winter days often begin in mist but suddenly, as if by magic, the fog disappears bringing in to clear view the snowy peaks, glistening white and fresh against the large blue sky.

About 850 species of birds are found in Nepal. With the opening of Koshi Tappu Reserve, bird watching is becoming very popular in Nepal. Koshi Tappu alone has over 250 species of birds. The country has many rare birds, including Impeyean pheasant, the national bird, snow cock, snow pigeon, giant hornbill, Saras crane and babbler. The spiny babbler is a rare bird, endemic variety found only in Nepal. Every year migratory birds from Tibet, Siberia and the northern mountains fly to the lowlands of Nepal. The Koshi Barrage is one of the most important migratory habitats. Bird watching is a very pleasant experience in late autumn and early spring, when massive migrations occur. Other parks and reserves also attract birds and birdwatchers.

Nepal is rich in vegetation. The country's diverse terrain provides ideal conditions for varieties from tropical to hill plants and flowers. Some orchids and certain varieties of rhododendron are very rare and found only in Nepal. Lali Guras or the red rhododendron is the national flower of Nepal, and visitors who come to explore the natural beauty can enjoy spectacular sights of hills covered with rhododendron flowers. Spring and autumn are the best seasons for flowers in Nepal.

Other animals include sloth bear, monkeys, langur, lesser panda, chital or spotted deer, barking deer, and the musk deer (in small numbers in the middle hills). In the Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve in the southwest corner of Nepal there are herds of swamp deer, with the black buck found in the Bardia region. Near Lumbini the Blue Bull Antelope or Nilgai has made a comeback from 2-5 animals in the early 1990 s to nearly 200. The wild dog, the golden jackal and the striped hyena are present throughout Nepal. So is the ubiquitous wild boar, whose meat is relished by the Nepalis during festivals.

All national parks of Nepal have a variety of these animals, and it is possible to have specific journeys designed to sight some of these.

The Kathmandu Valley has four major bird watching areas, and one can start on the banks of the Bagmati and Manohra rivers. Birds sighted along these rivers are Egrets, Herons, Kingfishers, Ibisbill, Wood Sandpipers and Plovers. The Chobar gorge is particularly good, as its isolation from human habitation attracts birds' presence.

Hulchowki is another ideal site, with the Red-headed Trogan, a very rare bird sighted there in April 2000. This bird was last seen in Nepal 44 years ago. Phulchowki Hill, 18kms southeast of Kathmandu near the Godavari Botanical gardens, is covered with forest featuring outstanding flora. About 90 species of birds have been recorded in this area, including the endemic Spring Babbler, as well as the Cutia, Mountain Hawk Eagle, Rufous Bellied Pied Woodpeckers and the Black-throated Parrotbill, to name a few.

The Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve, 12kms north of Kathmandu, and Nagarjun, 4km northwest are other locations for bird watchers. Shivapuri can be reached either from Sundarijal or Budanilkantha. Some of the birds in this area are the Laughing Thrush, Crested Serpent Eagle, Little Pied Fly Catchers, Ruby - Throats, and Babblers. Nagarjun has pheasants, magpies, sunbirds and ruby-throats, among others.

Koshi Barrage and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in eastern Terai are great for waterfowl and waders, with about 26 varieties of ducks alone. Here one can view birds by boat, gliding through the waters in the stillness of the early morning and evenings. Over 450 species have been sighted here, including Black Ibis, Honey Kites, Ospreys, Black Headed Orioles, Peregrine Falcon, Partridges, and storks.

The Chitwan National Park in lowlands is best known for bird-watching, which can be done from the comfort and safety of a chair, the back of an elephant or in a jeep. In Pokhara, 200 kilometers west of Kathmandu, is equally ideal for birds that live around the forest of the famous Phewa and Begnas Lakes. Around Phewa Lake in winter, you find egrets, herons, pipits, buntings plus gulls, terns, ducks and falcons. Begnas Lake's slopes and wet fields have ducks, pheasant-tailed Jacana, Happie Grey Bellied Tesias, and bulbuls.

In the Bardia National Park -- covered with Sal forest, and riverine forest and grassland and having the mighty Karnali river flowing by it -- boating on the Karnali is a great way to see the birds. One can see Ruddy Shellducks, Oriental Pied Hornbills, Night Herons and Purple Herons, plus many more. In the higher areas of Nepal the trek routes, including the Jomsom and Annapurna trails, are good for bird watching. Recently a rare bird known as Jerdon's Baza was sighted in Nepal.

Over the past few years, a conservation group has worked specifically in the Lumbini area to conserve the Sarus Crane, one of the world's most endangered and tallest flying birds. It is thought there are fewer than 500 remaining in Nepal. Wetlands have been constructed and 400,000 saplings have been planted to provide sanctuary to these cranes and other wetland birds. A thangka, the genre of the famous paintings based on the Buddhist wheel of life philosophy, dedicated to the Sarus Crane -- called Wheel of Crane Conservation -- has been made for use as educational material.

Nepal has 11 out of the 15 families of butterflies recorded in the world, or over 500 species, and new species keep turning up every now and then. Within a period of only seven years from 1974 to 1981, added to the records were 24 specimens or sub-families of butterflies. In 1981 alone, two species -- the BLUE DUCHESS and the SIKKIM HAIRSTREAK -- were discovered, the latter specimen from Sikkim, a female found in 1981 in Godavari. Later in 1986 an entirely new race of the CHINESE HAIRSTREAK turned up. Before 1950, butterfly collectors were not allowed to go outside the Kathmandu Valley, but now they can. And it makes butterfly collection all over the country a really exciting pastime.

In and around the Kathmandu Valley, where the winter temperature is mild, there are butterflies all the year round, particularly in the forested areas of Chobhar, Swayambhu, Godavari, Nagarjun, Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Phulchowki, Jamachowk and Shivapuri, Nagarkot , Suryavinyak and Chandragiri. In Nepal, about 10% of the butterflies belong to the Palaearctic species and 90% Oriental species. The best seasons for butterfly watching are late March/April, mid May/ mid June, late August/September.

About 20 of the species found in the Kathmandu Valley are on the endangered or vulnerable list. Outside the valley, butterflies are found in profusion, particularly in national parks and areas away from human settlements.

In the 1960s a systematic study was prepared based on modern scientific methods by the Department of Medicinal Plants of the Government of Nepal, with a herbarium started at the same time. Staff members were sent out for botanical collection and attached also to foreign expeditions engaged in botanical explorations. After this the herbarium had acquired over 60,000 specimens of vascular plants. By the 1970s there were 3121 species of Angrosperms, 24 species of Gymnosperms and 308 species of Pteridophytes, with 1,242 genera and 210 families of plants.

For ecology and vegetation purposes Nepal could be divided into four floristic regions i.e. (a) western (b) north-western (c) central, and (d) eastern, and bio- climatically these are broken down into twenty regions from humid tropical climate to the alpine arid regions. But for the purpose of identifying Nepal's flora for the special interest tourist, the following division based on altitude would be helpful: Tropical zone (below 1,000 m), Sub-Tropical Zone (1,000 to 2,100 m), Temperate Zone (2,100 to 3,100 m), Sub-Alpine Zone (3,100 to 4,100 m), the Alpine Zone (4,100 to 4,500 m), and the Alpine Steppe region.

The Tropical zone consists of the Terai, Siwalik hills and the Dun valleys, with warm humid climate where natural vegetation is dominated by Shorea robusta, plus Dillenca, Terminalia, Adina, Careya, Eugenia and Salmalia, to name a few. In eastern Nepal, this zone has such plants as Cycas pectinata, Gentum montanum, Calamis sp, Padamus sp, Cyathea spiolusa, and Podocarpus nereifolius.

In the Sub-Tropical zone in eastern and central Nepal there is Schima-Castanopsis, where as in western Nepal Pinusroxbugnii. Dry oak forest of Quercus incana, Q. lantana with certain quantities of Rhododendron arboreum, and Lyonia ovalifolia occur on southern aspects usually below the pines.

The Temperate zone contains evergreen oaks, Rhododendrons and laurels in eastern and central Nepal. Western Nepal in this zone is home to evergreen coniferous forest on the one hand and deciduous mixed forest on the other; and quite a few west Himalayan plants like Cedrus deodara, Cupressus, torulosa, Picea smithiana, Abies pindron, Aesculus indicus, and Juglans regia also occur frequently. East Himalayan trees like Quercus lamellosa, Daphnephyllum himalayanse, Magnolia campbellii, Talauma hudsonii, do not occur further west of central Nepal. The upper level of the temperate zone usually has a band of Tsuga dumosa and Rhododendron barbatum forest between the temperate broad-leaved forest and the sub-alpine conifer-oak forest. A distinct belt of deciduous forest consisting of Acer, Magnolia and Pentapanax, occurs in the mountain zone of eastern Nepal.

In the Sub-Alpine zone, coniferous forest of Abies spectabilis is found at the lower levels and Betula-Rhododendron carysanulatum forest at the upper levels near the timber line. Many species of Rhododendron occur in eastern Nepal and their number falls as one travels towards central and western Nepal.

The Alpine zone consists of moist scrub vegetation, above the timber line, of mostly Rhododendron, Juniperus and Berberis. Beyond the alpine scrub meadows, rocks and screes, there are colourful herbs, grasses and sedges, namely Meconopsis, Primula, Gentiana, Croydalis and Saxifraga. Many new species of plants indigenous to Nepal have been discovered in the alpine and sub-alpine zones.

The Alpine steppe vegetation lies north of the Dhaulagiri Annapurna massif and the heads of inner valley Himalayas - consisting of grasses and sedges with cushions of Cavagana, Lonicera, Juniperus and Berberis. One must first visit the Godavari Botanical Gardens in Kathmandu, then plan further journey from there.

Winter and Spring -- November to March - - are best for the Sub-Tropical Zone that includes Godavari Botanicl Gardens, Nagarjun Forests, Phulchoki Hills, Shivapuri Hills, the Mahabharat and Chure Ranges.

One can best enjoy the Alpine Zone -- Higher Himalayan Belts, Gosaikunda, Annapurna Region, Everest Region, Upper Dolpo, Upper Makalu- Barun Area Monsoon -- in July, August and September-.

Shaligrams have been worshipped in Nepal for aeons. They come in various forms, and colours and one has to select a particular kind for worship depending upon what one wishes to achieve. Under normal circumstances, it is believed that a sleek looking piece with a small mouth that fits within the fold of ones hand is ideal for good omen and worship. The most extraordinary Shaligram is four feet in height and hold the deity inside it at the Rishikesh temple in Ridi or Ruru Chhetra.

As legends have it, deities mingle with mortals in Nepal, and Shaligram has contributed to such legends.

Only 15% of the 27 million population of the country has access to modern health facilities in Nepal due to resources constraints and ever growing population. So the majority of the people, mostly in rural areas, still rely on herbal practitioners and traditional healers.

The conservation, protection, cultivation and utilisation of medicinal plants is a genuine need of the country, and the Himalayan zone in Nepal have thousands of species of these plants. The demand for these herbs is high. These plants can be cultivated on a large scale, but rare species must also be preserved.

The tropical zone (up to 1,000 meters) and the sub-tropical zone (1,000 - 2,000 m) are home to most medicinal plants. Some of such valuable and unique plants are also found in other zones. There are about 1,400 kinds of medicinal plants utilized by Ayurveda and traditional healers in Nepal.

Alpine & sub-alpine medicinal plants include Aconitum Spp., Picrorrhiza scrophularaeflora, Swertia multicaulis, Rheum emodi, Nardostachys jatamansi, Ephedra gerardiana, Cordyceps sinensis, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, etc.

Terminalias, Cassia fistula, Cassia catechu, Aegles marmelos, Rauwolfia serpentina, Phyllanthus emblica, Ricinus recemosus, Acorus clams, Acacia concinnity, Butte monster, etc constitute tropical and sub-tropical herbs.

In the temperate zone such medicinal plants are found as Valeriana wallichii, Berberis, Datura, Solanum, Rubia, Zanthoxylum armatum, Gaultheria fragrautissima, Dioscorea deltoidea, Curulligo orchoidies, etc.

Some of the regions with abundant medicinal plants include Nawalparasi, Chitwan, Bardia, and Dhanusha in the Terai; Makawanpur, Syanja, Kaski, Lamgjung, Dolakha, Parvat, Ilam, Ramechhap, and Nuwakot in the mid-hills; and Dolpa, Mugu, Humla, Jumla, Manang, Mustang and Solukhumbu in the Himalayan region.

Several public and private entities produce Ayurvedic medicines. They include the Singha Durbar Vaidhya Khana, Kathmandu; Gorkha Ayurveda Company, Gorkha; Arogya Bhavan, Kathmandu; Siddha Ayurveda Pharmacy, Butwal; Pashupati Ayurveda Bhavan, Sarlahi; and Classical Herbal Group, Kathmandu.

The world abounds with some 500 to 600 genera and some 20,000 to 35,000 names, the largest of all plant families. Out of them, Nepal has 57 genera (27 Terrestrials and 30 Epiphytic) with a few Lithophytes. Wide spread into different ecological zones, from the foot hills of the Himalayas to the plains in the Terai, the orchid-world in Nepal is immensely interesting for nature lovers and horticultural experts.

Some terrestrial orchids which flower during July-August have a stem with only two leaves and purple flowers. Another orchid from the same genera in west Nepal flowers during February-March and is orange-green.

Nepal is indeed endowed with an incredible variety of orchids scattered all over the country. Dedrobium is the largest species, followed by Habenaria and Bulbophyllum. Anthogonium, Hemipilia and Lusia are some of the other varieties amongst the nearly two dozen single species families.

During Spring -- March to May -- Rhododendron blooms can be seen in all the hilly regions of Nepal above 1,200m altitude. More specifically, the elevation between 2,000 and 4,000 m serves as the 'wild' preserve of the Rhodododendron, or GURANS and CHIMAL, the two words used in Nepali.

There are four major areas for Rhododendron treks -

The Eucalyptus were introduced into Nepal from Australia in the 19th century, and in Kathmandu they can be smelt as you walk along a street after rain has fallen. The Spruce -- an evergreen, coniferous pine tree which took its name from Prussia where it traditionally came from -- is also found in Nepal; the Juniper another evergreen is a crucial ingredient in the flavouring of gin, and in medicines it is used as a diuretic. The Laurel, or bay tree, is well known, and, the Cedar and Deodar are found throughout Nepal, with the cedar often used to make incense, and in west Nepal there is an indigenous Cypress called Himalayan Cypress.

Although different ethnic groups live together or side by side, one can find concentration of different groups in many places. For instance, Gurungs and Magars live mainly in the western region; Rais, Limbus and Sunwars live in the eastern mid-hills; Sherpas, Manangpas and Lopas live near Mt. Everest and Annapurna and in Mustang respectively; Newars live in and around the Kathmandu valley; Tharus, Yadavas, Satar, Rajvanshis and Dhimals live in the Terai region; and Brahmins, Chhetris and Thakuris are generally spread over all parts of the country.

Nepali is the official language of the state, spoken and understood by most Nepalis. Multiple ethnic groups speak several languages in about 93 different dialects.

The Northern Himalayan People

The northern region of the Himalayas have the Tibetan-speaking groups namely Sherpas, Dolpas, Lopas, Baragaonlis, Manangis. The Sherpas are mainly found in the east in the Solu and Khumbu region; the Baragaonlis and Lopas live in the semi-deserted areas of Upper and Lower Mustang in the Tibetan rain-shadow area; the Managis live in Manang district area; the Dolpas live in Dolpa district, of western Nepal, which has one of the highest settlements on earth at 4,000 meters.

The Middle Hills and Valley People

Several ethnic groups live together in harmony in the middle hills and valleys. Among them are the Magars, Gurungs, Tamangs, Sunuwars, Newars, Thakalis, Chepangs and majority of Brahmans and Chhetris. The Brahmans, Chhetris and Newars have long dominated Nepali political, economic and social life. There are also some occupational castes namely: Damai (tailor), Sarki (cobbler), Kami (blacksmith) and Sunar (goldsmiths). Though many dialects are spoken in this region, the lingua franca is Nepali.

Ethnic Diversity in the Kathmandu Valley

The Kathmandu Valley represents a cultural cauldron of the country, where, people from varied backgrounds have come together to present a melting pot. The natives of the Valley are the Newars, whose culture is an integration of both Hinduism and Buddhism. The Newars were traders or farmers by occupation in the old days.

The Terai People

The main ethnic groups in Terai are Tharus, Darai, Kumhal, Majhi, Rajbansi, Brahmin, Rajput, Yadav and others. They speak north Indian dialects like Maithili, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, etc. Owing to the fertile plains of Terai, most inhabitants live on agriculture. There are, however, some occupational castes like Majhi (fisherman), Kumhal (potter) and Danuwar (cart driver).

Most Hindus worship cows and do not eat beef. Cow being the national animal of Nepal is not allowed to be slaughtered. Buffalo meat is a good substitute but is only eaten by a certain section of the population.

Another interesting concept among the Nepalis is the division of pure and impure. 'Jutho,' referring to food or material that contains another's saliva, is considered impure by the Nepalis. The Nepalis consider cow dung to be pure for cleaning purposes. During menstruation women are considered impure and, hence, are kept in seclusion until their fourth day purification bath.

The marriageable age has been legally set as 18 for girls and 21 for women. Even today, most people do not have love marriages; the parents usually make the decision. Yet, the divorce rate is considerably low.

The pasni (rice - feeding) ceremony is a child's first important ritual. In the presence of family and priests, the 5-month old child is dressed in finery and fed rice presented on a coin by all members of the family. He is shown several objects on a tray: a heap of earth, paddy (unhusked rice), bricks, toys, rings, a pen and ink-pot, and a book. It is said that the child would take up the profession in future consistent with what object he first picks up.

Since Nepal is a country rich in ethnicity, there are different costumes worn by different ethnic groups. But generally, the old men wear Daura suruwal, Bhoto suruwal, or western dresses and women wear Saris and Kurta suruwal.

Tika, a mark on the forehead, symbolizes the blessings of god. The colours of the tika varies according to the occasion and type of temple one visits. The black gajal or kohl is used to line the eyes of children to keep away evil eyes.

The Brahmins, Chhetris and a few other groups have Nepali as their mother tongue. Most other ethnic groups have their own mother tongues. All told, there are 93 recorded languages/dialects in Nepal.

English is spoken, with much of the schooling in the cities in the English medium. Many in the travel and tourism industry speak German, Spanish, Japanese, French and Italian.

Languages of Nepal and other countries are taught in Kathmandu and elsewhere. The Bishwa Bhasha Campus in Kathmandu offers classes on Nepali, Newari, Sanskrit and several foreign languages. Tribhuvan University's Department of Nepali Studies provides Bachelor and Master level courses in Nepali language. There are colleges that offer Sanskrit courses.

Nepal has been declared as a secular country by the Parliament on May 18, 2006. However, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, animism and ancestors worship are practiced in Nepal.

The Nepal Himalaya is known as the rooftop of the world due to its altitude. The country is blessed with eight of the highest 14 peaks in the world, including the tallest Mt. Everest. There are some 326 majestic summits in Nepal open for mountaineering today. The Government of Nepal opened around 175 peaks in the last two years to mark the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Mt. Everest's ascent in 1953. The Nepal Himalayas have 1310 magnificent peaks over 6,000 metres.

The Himalayas, the abode of snow and gods, are legendary in its splendour and beauty. They continue to have an air of mystery and remain a source of fascination and inspiration for people from around the world. Even today, the vast area of the Himalayas is virgin. The Himalayan range extends about 2500 kms, from the Brahmaputra river to the Indus river, is 300 km wide, and rises 9 km above the sea level.

Himalayan peaks continue to lure mountaineers and pose a challenge to adventurers. As a result, Nepal has made a special name in the world of mountaineering.

The Mountaineering Section of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation issues in all seasons the climbing permit to scale the Himalayan peaks. Certain official documents are required to seek permission for climbing peaks. Around 121 peaks do not require liaison officer for expedition. Fees or ties depend upon the altitude of the peak starting at US $ 1,000 for peaks below 6,501 meters and rising by US $ 500 for every 500 meters.

Climbing gears and equipments can be bought or rented in Kathmandu. Many mountaineering and trekking agencies also offer packages that include climbing gear, food, transportation, and guide and porter services. They also arrange insurance. Visitors should choose an agency that has good track record.

It is a very interesting to note that there was a sea (the Tethys sea) between the Indian sub-continent and the Eurasian continent. Around 70 and 80 million years ago, the Himalayas began to come into existence due to collision of these two continents, and many peaks evolved over the last 10 to 20 million years back. In other words, the Himalayas are extremely young and geologically active, and still rising at a rate of 15 cm (6 inch) a year, as the Indian plate moves north and slides under the Eurasian plate.

Nepal offers excellent trekking options to visitors from the easy walking excursions to the strenuous climb of the snowy peaks. The most rewarding way to experience Nepal's natural embellishment and cultural assortment is to walk through the length and breadth of the country. Trekking in Nepal is a big part of the ultimate Himalayan adventure, and a majority of tourists have trekking as a part of their itinerary.

One can also trek on ponies in some remote places, which is equally enthralling for visitors. Pony treks follow nearly the same routes and are offered mostly in western regions: Pokhara, Dolpo and Lo Manthang (Mustang).

Located in the eastern half of Nepal, the Everest region offers a wide range of trekking experiences. There is a choice to suit all visitors, as they can trek along the well-developed trail to the Mt. Everest base camp or hike in remote, semi-wilderness areas.

rhododendron forest, native flora and fauna, traditional villages and ancient Buddhist monasteries, all go to make this region a spectacular destination. No special trekking permits are required to visit this area provided that the trekker's do not climb any of the peaks.

The fact that the main Himalayan range runs south of the border with Tibet means that the northern parts of the area are in the rain shadow and are considerably drier than the southern slopes of the mountains. This leads to unusually diverse landscapes.

Langtang trek route goes through traditional, ethnic villages and untouched forests on the way to the peaks of Langtang-Lirung. The highlights of this tour include a visit to the Langtang valley, Kyangin Gompa and the Lirung Glacier. One can also climb the Lang Sisa Peak and visit Lake Gosaikunda, which is nearby. Along the way one can visit Trishuli Bajaar, Dhunche and Syabrubesi, from where the trek begins.

Nepal has earned the reputation of one of the best destinations for white water rafting. Cruising down the rushing rivers of crashing waves and swirling rapids can give you the excitement of a lifetime. Rafting trips for some is the highlight of their stay in Nepal. The waters in Nepal offer something for everybody: Grade 5-5+ rivers with raging white water rapids for the adventurous, to Grade 2-3 rivers with a few rapids for novices. Rafters also have a choice ranging between two to three-week trips to trips of two or three days.

The options include paddling, oaring and kayaking. Paddling requires all on the boat to participate with instructions from the river runner. Luxury safari-style trips with full team are available too. In an oar boat, the guide rows alone giving participants a chance to observe the surroundings. Kayaking is another way to travel downstream. A few companies offer inflatable kayaks, or fibreglass kayaks for hire while some arrange for kayaks on their own.

A typical day in the river begins early morning when participants arrive at the starting site. Instructions on safety and emergency situation are given to participants before the event. Participants wear life vests and helmets at all times during the trip. Meals are provided during the trip. Some packages also provide river equipment and camping equipment. The best time for rafting is from October through mid-December and March through early May. In winter hypothermia may be hindrance to some. So far the government has opened sections of 10 rivers for commercial rafting.

For those who enjoy daring adventurers, Nepal offers a plethora of outdoor activities, from paragliding near the mountains to waiting for the Bengal tiger in Chitwan's wild. Adventure tourism in Nepal dates back to the early attempts to ascend world's highest peak Mt. Everest fifty years ago.

The 50th anniversary of the first ascent of Everest was celebrated recently amidst great fanfare and extravaganza. Renowned mountain summiteers Sir Edmund Hillary, Ms. Junko Tabei, Mr. Reinhold Messner, Mr. Appa Sherpa, and Mr. Jamling Norgay Sherpa took part in the celebrations.

While trekking and mountain climbing are still the most popular sport among visitors, raft is gaining popularity. The visitors who are interested to see Nepal’s rare varieties of animals and birds prefer jungle safari in the Terai. Nepal also offers bungee jumping above the wild waters of River Bhote Koshi. Canoeing to explore the rugged and out-of -reach landscapes is another option at the site.

Aerial activities include taking off in micro-light aircrafts or hot-air balloons for a good view of the mountains. Mountain flights offer the closest possible spectacle of Mt. Everest and other peaks. The close encounter with the tallest mountains of the earth often draws awe-stricken silence from onlookers.

Just imagination of jumping down from a bridge 160 meters above a tropical gorge with the Bhote Kosi, one of Nepal's wildest rivers raging below is enough to make your heartbeat run faster. And, it is the thrill of bungee jumping as it there is no fun for real adventure lover if challenge is not so hard and difficult. It is located within a reach of 4 hours outside Kathmandu and just 19 km away from the Tibet Border. The Bungee bridge happens to be the only privately owned bridge in Nepal. It has been specially designed for bungee jumping with a 4x-safety factor and has a loading factor of 41,500 kg or 4.5 tons according to Swiss measurements.

One would have to be totally suicidal or extremely gutsy to jump off the remarkable 500-ft (160 m) drop into the Bhote Kosi river gorge. As the Bungee Master nicknamed Rock advises the jumpers to ensure that pockets are empty and the girls have no loose jewellery coming in the way, nervous laughter erupts from the crowd when he strongly advises against taking intoxicants just before the jump. Jumpers' weights are recorded before the jump to use different cords for different categories of weights. The Green, Red and Black cords are used for the lightest, the heavier and the heavyweights accordingly. It is a perfect way of wild adventure.

Paragliding is a relatively new adventure sport in Nepal. Paragliding in this Himalayan country can be a truly wonderful and fulfilling experience for the adventure-seekers. You can experience unparalleled scenic grandeur as you share airspace with Himalayan griffin vultures, eagles, and kites, while floating over villages, monasteries, temples, lakes and jungles, with a fantastic view of the majestic Himalayas.

Gliding is a weather dependent sport and the flying season in Nepal commences from November through February, the best months being November and December. By virtue of its latitude and monsoon climate, the tree-line in Nepal is at an incredible 3,900 m above sea level. With conditions milder than summer alpine, these are excellent and constant atmospherics.

The topography and climate of Nepal also make it an ideal destination for all levels of pilots- subtropical conditions provide plenty of thermals and combined with the long valleys common in Nepal, they produce perfect 'cloud streets' ideal for paragliders, inviting them to fly along this "sky highway". The local microclimate, controlled by the numerous lakes in the valley, is unique, which makes it even better for the glider.

The main area for flying in Nepal is the Annapurna region, more specifically the Pokhara valley. This lakeside town is nestled at the foot of the Annapurna Himal and commands an unsurpassed view of 3 of the world's above-8000m peaks. At an altitude of 800m ASL the subtropical climate means that, year round, it is short and T-shirt weather. The micro-climate of the valley makes it an ideal area for flying, with far more constant conditions than the Kathmandu valley 150 km east.

There are several sites around Phewa Tal (the lake) but the most accessible is Sarangkot,1592m above sea level and overlooking Pokhara. A drive up the hill and a short walk bring you to the Sarangkot. With the lake 2000 ft below, the mountains behind, and the unlimited potential for XC, you could not ask for a more picturesque site to visit.

There are various deals for the paragliding enthusiast as well as those checking this sport out for the first time. There is a three-day introductory course for beginners, as well as tandem flights (where you fly with an instructor) for the inexperienced or less brave. At 6000 ft, you sit back in your seat as your qualified pilot takes you on an unforgettable journey. You take off from Sarangkot, which offers prime views of Phewa Tal and the mountains at sunrise and sunset; the landing is by the lake.

Nothing could be more spectacular and enthralling in life than taking a mountain flight and cruising along the awe-inspiring massifs of rocks and ice of the Himalayas. Such flights are the easiest way to see the beautiful mountains and take you within the camera range of some of the highest peaks in the world, to give you an out-of-this world experience. Most flights take off in mornings and operate at all times except in the monsoon seasons of June and July. All the domestic airlines of Nepal offer various forms of mountain flights, including those that take you to Mt. Everest and beyond. As soon as the aircraft takes off, the panoramic view of majestic mountains begin to titillate you into ecstasy.

Ultra light aircraft is being operated from Pokhara. It has a unique blend of both mountain and plateau area. While flying over the Pokhara valley, you will not miss the scenic beauty of both the Himalayas and the most famous lake of Nepal, Phewa Tal. The flight will be a journey through nature. This is truly a unique experience.

Fly for Fun: (15 minutes Flight): The shortest flight takes you over the city of Pokhara, Phewa Lake, near Sarangkot hill, over the Buddha monastery and the south side of the city. This short flight gives you a panoramic sight of the whole Annapurna Range, with an added view of another 8000 meter peak - Dhaulagiri, in the distance. This category appeals to flyers on a budget or for those who have a plane to catch for Kathmandu.

30 Minute Flight: This flight of medium duration takes you slightly higher and further. You'll fly over the Tibetan refugee camp and as far as Lamachour, on the northern part of the valley. The view is simply superb and enjoyable.

Mountain Range Sky Trek (1 hour flight): A truly memorable addition to any trip to Nepal. The flight takes you over the city of Pokhara, Phewa Lake, near Sarangkot hill, over the Buddhist monastery on the south side of the city, as well as the Tibetan refugee camp and past Lamachour to the north. You fly at an altitude of 9,000 feet above sea level and you go very close to Fish Tail peak and enter the Seti valley, itself a hidden remote valley. The view is simply beyond any comparison.

You don't have to be in Switzerland to ride on cable cars. Unlike in the West, the cable car in Nepal takes you up to the Manakamana temple, the abode of the wish-fulfilling Goddess, on what you could call a spiritual ride. Situated atop a hill (1302 m), 12 km south of the historic town of Gorkha and 6 km north of Mugling, the Manakamana temple overlooks terraced fields, and the Trisuli and Marsyangdi river valleys. The hilltop also offers a vantage point for taking in the breath-taking view of the Manaslu-Himanchuli and Annapurna massifs to the north. Legend has it that Manakamana fulfils all wishes. This belief is so ingrained in the collective consciousness of the Nepalis that many make a trip to the temple every year without fail. Stories abound of people's wishes coming true: lost sons returning home, lovers finding romance against all odds, people finding success in their business ventures, students excelling in their exams, separated husband and wife getting back together, and on and on.

Even if you have no wishes to make (assuming that you have got it all, which means you have no need of Manakamana's blessings) or even if you are an atheist or agnostic, this place offers you a unique look into Nepali people's faith in Goddess Manakamana. What is more, the cable cars fly over steep hills, deep gorges and lively hamlets, and provide a uniquely refreshing glimpse of Nepal.

Boating

Nepal provides some finest opportunities for boating. These range from the glacier-fed lakes up north and down the laden rivers into the plains of the Terai. Pokhara's Phewa Lake is the most popular destination for travellers wanting to indulge in recreational boating. It is the second largest lake in Nepal and measures roughly 1.5 by 4 km. Its eastern shore, also known as Lakeside or Baidam, is the centre of tourist activity in Pokhara.

Begnas and Rupa Tal are located 15 km out of Pokhara at the end of a road that turns off the Kathmandu highway. Both these lakes offer some splendid boating opportunities. Phewa, Begnas and Rupa Lakes were all part of the body of water that once filled the Pokhara valley.

Renting a boat for a couple of hours and heading out to the middle or the other side of the lake bordering the forested hill, and taking a swim, can be the highlight of a warm day. The water is cleaner deeper into the lake. Boats can also be had for the whole day, or on an hourly basis. You can either row around yourself or hire a boatman, the former being definitely a better option.

At Phewa, tourists have a choice of pedal-driven boats (which are basically fashioned out of two regular rowboats joined together by placing planks over them and providing space in the middle where the pedals are located), rowboats and sailboats. The latter are a recent development but definitely worth the money when there is a good breeze around. There is also a choice between fibre body sailboats and wooden ones.

Fishing

Sport fishing, like hunting, is little advertised and therefore little known in Nepal. However, for the angling enthusiast, Nepal's lakes and rivers can prove extraordinary fishing grounds. There are approximately 118 varieties of fresh-water fish in these Himalayan waters, ranging from the much sought after Mahseer to the mountain stream trout-like varieties. The best season to go sport fishing on white waters is from February to April and October to November. During these times the fish go upstream to spawn and consume less food. But locals catch a lot of fish during monsoon as well for their livelihood.

Some of the popular fishing trips are done in the Karnali river and the Babai valley in the Bardiya National Park. Chitwan also hosts a number of places like the confluence of the Seti and Trisuli rivers on the Tribhuvan Highway and also in the confluence of the Kaligandaki and Trisuli rivers. Anglers can try their luck in the clear waters of Pokhara's lakes as well. While Phewa Tal offers some good sport, there is considerable activity and is not the ideal place for a quiet day's fishing. Begnas Tal and Rupa Tal are a better bet. You can hire a boat and go out to some of the good spots in the lake.

Fishing is also fun in many of the mountain streams. There are varieties of trout-like fish or even rainbow trout and common trout that can provide good sport. Recently the Fishery Department has released 4000 fingerlings in the Modi river, near Pokhara. Various agencies in Kathmandu organise fishing trips to streams around the Kathmandu valley.

Dolalghat, east of the valley on the Kodari Highway, is easily accessible from the city by bus or car. You can start early morning and return to the comfort of Kathmandu in the evening. You can encounter Nepali holidaymakers and the locals on the lookout for local variety of Asla and Katla, the former a kind of trout and the latter a carp. Some of the dams across Nepal's rivers too have a good stock of fish.

Shopping in Nepal is easy. With a little money and some time one can obtain the best buys the country has to offer. It will be helpful to have a Nepali for company if a huge shopping project is at hand. Common tourist shopping items include souvenirs and trinkets like gems and jewellery. However, one should be careful while buying jewellery as assessing their quality is difficult. Hand-woven cotton fabric is a popular buy among visitors. Most people buy the renowned pashmina shawls known for softness and colours. Some also buy fresh and aromatic hill tea and spices.

Popular buys among visitors are local crafts, artworks, and Nepali carpets. The Tibetan and Newar Thangka and Paubha paintings belong to the time when these cultures were at their peak. Visitors buy Newari woodcrafts -- picture frames, windows, statues and carvings. They can also buy the legendary Tibetan carpets made in Nepal that represent the age-old folk art of the Tibetans. Shops have rugs on display, however, carpets can be custom-made by contacting the manufacturer. Traditional Nepali paper is popular as writing pads and bound journals, calendars and lampshades.

There are government restrictions that visitors should be aware of before purchasing items to take home. Antiques are not permitted to be taken out of the country. So, it is better to check with the Department of Archaeology before you buy antiques for export.

Woodcraft is the speciality of the Newar artisans of the Kathmandu Valley, and windows and frames are highly popular. You should check the make -- hand or machine -- and the details worked into the items of interest before you purchase woodworks.

However, windows and frames are not the only items on sale. Statues of gods, erotic carvings, traditional figures, and carvings with modern motifs are also available. The wooden images are made by using tools that were used a thousand years ago.

The metal work is also exceptional in Nepal. Statues of high quality are available for prices ranging from a few thousand rupees to gold inlaid life-sized works. Wax is used to create these works of art. First the wax figure is covered with clay and put in the sun to dry. Once ready, the wax is melted out and molten metal poured into the clay hollow. When the metal cools down and sets, the clay covering is destroyed and careful work with hammer, chisel and sanding material follows. The metal statue is then painted as per the specifications of religion or as per the request of the client.

The Khukuri, a heavy knife, has been made very popular by the legendary Gurkhas of Nepal. Price ranges according to the hardness of the blade, origin of its make, and decor.

Tibetan carpets made in Nepal are extremely popular floor coverings in Europe and much of Nepal's foreign exchange earnings has come from the sale of carpets in the past two decades. The designs are traditional as well as modern. The modern designs have been created by some of the best artists working today in Europe, and the products of the better manufacturers have graced many a Tibetan rug collection. Today, special effort is being made to break into the American and Japanese markets with special designs and quality rugs.

Nepal has some of the best goldsmiths and silver smiths in the world: the Newar craftsmen, who have been delighting collectors and patrons with their exquisite creations for more than 600 years. If you've ever wanted to own the finest jewellery, at a fraction of the cost you'd pay at home, Nepal is the place.

Nepal's most distinctive gems are the exquisite tourmalines from the eastern part, in pink, sunset rose, peach, golden, amber and green. There are very rare lime-green tourmalines that are found nowhere else, and some with more than one colour in a single stone. The newly-discovered lemon-yellow tourmalines are especially fine. Garnets and aquamarines are also found in abundance.

For hundreds of years, scroll paintings have decorated the walls of monasteries, temples, and homes in East Asia. Especially, the Tibetan and Newar styles come from the times of their cultural peaks. Most of the older surviving scroll paintings are reminders of a period when the rulers and the public were concentrating upon the arts as offerings to the deities.

The Mithila paintings, known as Janakpur paintings in Nepal and Madhubani paintings in India, are produced by women of southern Nepal. If you save them from the wind, sun, and rain, they can be highly treasured collections. The paintings, in fact, are usually painted over with clay when the women house clean for the next festival.

Many weavers in the Kathmandu Valley produce hand-woven cotton cloths of many colours and patterns. Visitors will find beautifully designed clothing and fabrics in Kathmandu's shops. The Magars of western Nepal also weave fabrics for readymade garments. Tussar which is the best Nepalese silk has a natural glow. It is made from an undomesticated forest worm found in the southern jungle regions. The Newars of the Kathmandu Valley and the Rais of eastern Nepal have passed on the tradition of making block-printed paper and cloths to modern producers.

Traditional Nepalese paper, popularly known as "rice paper," is actually made of lokta bark found in remote areas of the country. Because of its strength, government offices use it for official documents. Many stores in Thamel and Patan sell writing pads and bound journals, as well as calendars and lamp shades of lokta paper.

In the Terai region, baskets used for household and decorative purposes are made from grass. The baskets come in different shapes and sizes according to their application. Raw jute which is one of Nepal's largest exports is grown in the Terai region and made into baskets and other materials.

The eastern districts of Nepal, notably llam, produce excellent varieties of aromatic Himalayan tea. Though most of it is exported, shops in Kathmandu and elsewhere in Nepal offer a wide selection of the fine tea, packaged attractively as suitable gifts, and guaranteed as a great brew.

Asia is an ancient spice stronghold. Kathmandu, in the middle of Asia, is an entrepot for spices from Tibet (China) and India. The exotic flavour and sensual aroma of nutmeg, ginger, saffron, mace, green anise, fenugreek, peppers, and coriander seeds water the mouth of everyone.

Everything festive in Nepal traditionally begins with something religious and moves with spontaneous spirit into a pleasant family feast. This is because religion has always influenced their life and has been the core of Nepali culture.

However, Nepal's festivals can be generally divided into four sections in view of their emphasis.

One of the interesting ways to understand the beauty and richness of Nepali culture is through its festivals. During festivals in Nepal, cultural dances, songs and performances are practiced. These cultural treasures make the festivals interesting and entertaining. People find more joy participating in performances and watching others perform and so, no festivals are idle gatherings.

Apart from thrills of outdoor activities, Nepal also offers city fun and excitement for its visitors. In cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara, entertainment could be on par with western world, only more exotic.

Visitors have a choice from a potpourri of amusements. They can partake of cultural shows that include theater and local art; wine and dine at premier hotels that provide excellent service; enjoy music and dance at discotheques; try a luck at rummy or blackjack at one of our casinos; enjoy a game of golf in our Himalyan serenity; or just watch a movie as cozy twosome in one of our movie theaters.

A taste of Nepali culture is still sought by tourists. Visitors are fascinated by ethnic ambience in local restaurants that serve authentic Nepali food. Art galleries and museums of the Valley exhibiting cultural treasures are also among preferred tourist choices. Health clubs and gymnasiums are available for sports lovers. While latest Nepali and Hindi movies run in most movie theaters, a theatre in Kathmandu also runs good English movies. Video and DVD stores offer wider range of choices. And Kathmandu shops offer some of the best books at most affordable prices.

Six casinos in the Kathmandu valley offer a splendid opportunity to try your luck in a fabulous surrounding. You can stay at the hotels and enjoy the casinos with friendly faces.

One of the most expensive sports of the world, golf was started in Nepal by the Rana ministers who returned home with golf clubs from a visit to Scotland before 1920. They started playing golf in what is today's Gaucharan, the international airport. The first real golf tournament Lava Cup was started in 1920.

Kathmandu, which is generally a quiet city after twilight, bustles with life till the wee hours of morning in the narrow alleys of Thamel and other selected places. Bars and pubs, many of which feature live music, stay open till late night while discotheques function to keep boredom at bay for the young Nepali crowd and tourists out for the night.

Some popular nightlife hubs are Galaxy in Hotel Everest, Rox Bar at the Hyatt Regency, Disco in Durbarmarg, Fire Club in Thamel and Platinum in Hotel Yak and Yeti. Frequent private parties are also organized at various places especially during weekends and public holidays.

Kathmandu offers dining varieties that range from the exotica of five-star menus to roadside cafe experience. The best part about it is that the price range is easily affordable for most tourists. Restaurants in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Chitwan and other places have improved a great deal in the last several years.

Visitors can enjoy authentic taste of indigenous cuisines in the ethnic ambience of Nepali restaurants. Besides, Indian, Chinese, continental and other varieties are available to satisfy the palate of a food connoisseur. Restaurants and food joints in the nooks and corners of Thamel are very popular among Western visitors. In some restaurants of Kathmandu and Pokhara, traditional songs and dances are performed by local artists during meals.

Tourists who visit Nepal must hold a valid passport and visa.

Entry
Tourist entry visa can be obtained for the following duration from the Nepal Embassy/ Consulate or Mission abroad, or at the following immigration offices in Nepal:

Tourist Visa Extension

　Transit visa for one day can be obtained from Nepal's immigration offices at the entry points upon the production of the departure flight ticket via Tribhuvan International Airport in Nepal, by paying US $ 5 or equivalent convertible currency.

You can fly directly to Kathmandu from London, Paris, Frankfurt, Vienna, Amsterdam, Doha, Dubai, Dhaka, Karachi, Munich, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Paro, Lhasa, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangalore, New Delhi, Mumbai, Patna, Calcutta and Varanasi. Charter flights can also be arranged for large movements. All flights feature business and economy classes and amenities of international standards. Many a time, the Captain offers a guided sightseeing of the Himalaya for no extra charge!

Several airlines fly in and out of Kathmandu, including Nepal Airlines, Thai Airways, Qatar Airways, Indian Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Biman Bangladesh, Gulf Air, Indian Airlines, Air Sahara , Jet Airways, Austrian Air, Martinair, Air China, Druk Air.

Airfares fluctuate with the changes in exchange rates and are to be paid in foreign currency by foreign nationals. Only Nepalese and Indian nationals are permitted to pay in rupees for air passage between Nepal and India. Departure flight tickets should be reconfirmed three days in advance to avoid inconveniences by possible flight cancellation or changes in the flight schedule. Overweight luggage charges are levied in foreign exchange.

Customs: All baggage must be declared and cleared through the customs on arrival at the port of entry. Passengers arriving at Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) without any dutiable goods can proceed through the Green Channel for quick clearance without a baggage check. If you are carrying dutiable articles, you have to pass through the Red Channel for detailed customs clearance.

Import: Apart from used personal belongings, visitors are allowed to bring to Nepal free of duty cigarette (200) or cigars (50), distilled liquor (one 1.15 litre bottle), and film (15 rolls). You can also bring in the following articles free of duty on condition that you take them out with you when you leave: binoculars, movie or video camera, still camera, laptop computer, and portable music system.

Export: It is illegal to export objects over 100 years old (sacred images, paintings, manuscripts) that are valued for culture and religious reasons. Visitors are advised not to purchase such items as they are Nepal's cultural heritage and belong here. The Department of Archaeology (tel: 4213701, 4213702) at Ramshah Path near Singha Durbar has to certify all metal statues, sacred paintings and similar objects before they are allowed to be sent or carried out of the country. Handicraft dealers and travel agents are able to assist you in this process. For more information on customs matters, contact the Chief Customs Administrator, TIA Customs Office; tel: 4470110, 4472266.

Airport Tax:

Effective form January 14,2005 ,the tourists would be levied NRS. 565(including VAT) at the departure terminal along with the Passenger Service Charge (airport tax)

All visitors entering Nepal by land must use no other entry points other than:

Nepal-India border

Nepal-China border

The overland tourists entering the Kingdom with their vehicles must possess an international carnet.

Nepal has every category of accommodation facility that range from the international standard star hotels to budget hotels and lodges. In order to have an assured quality service, it is advisable to use the facilities and services of government registered hotels, lodges, travel agencies, licensed tour guides only and engage an authorized trekking guide or porter only through a registered travel and trekking agency.

In the last few decades Kathmandu and Pokhara with the rest of Nepal has seen mushrooming of world class hotels. During spring and fall, the better hotels work at near full capacity and are booked well in advance. There are, however, plenty of less glamorous but decent hotels to suit everyone's fancies and finances. Most hotels offer choice of: bed and breakfast; bed, breakfast and one other meal; or room and full board. Rates listed however, are for room only, unless otherwise indicated. Besides officially recognized hotels, there are a number of small lodge accommodations available between US $5 and $10 a night depending on facilities; toilets and showers are generally communal and heating is extra. These small hostelries are located in the old parts of Kathmandu and in the Thamel district.

Even in remote parts of Nepal, the coming of tourists over the years has led to the local population paying attention to tourist facilities, hence making accommodation and meals for tourists more easily available than before

Nepal Airlines (RA) has an extensive network of air services in the interior of Nepal. It has scheduled connection flights from Kathmandu to Taplejung, Bhadrapur, Rajbiraj, Bhojpur, Phaplu, Lukla, Lamidanda, Tunmlingtar, Rumjatar, Biratnagar Simara, Janakpur, Ramechhap, Bharatpur, Meghauli ,Pokhara, Jomsom, Manang, and Baglung. Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj Chaurjhahari, Surkhet, Dang, Dolpa, Jumla, Bajura, Baitadi, Dipayal, Darchula, Mahendranagar, Dhangadi, Tikapur and Sanfebagar. Besides RA, other domestic airlines such as Buddha Air, Cosmic Air, Gorkha Airlines, Sita Air, Skyline Airlines and Yeti Airways provide regular and charter services to popular domestic destinations.

There are many buses, minibuses and microbuses available at Ratna Park (old Bus Park) which depart to different destinations in the valley. Safa tempo run by battery is available in Kathmandu for commuters.

Consult Kathmandu Valley map to find out the direction of your destination. Hail a taxi, which is easily recognisable by its taxi sign on top and black license plate. As a rough guide, a trip inside the city will cost anywhere between Rs.20/- to 200/- (depending on the distance). No tip is expected. A metered taxi from the airport to downtown will cost about Rs. 200 to Rs. 400. Private taxis may charge slightly higher than the ordinary taxis. There is also an arrangement of Night Taxi service operated by the major hotels. The fare is slightly higher than the metered taxi. One can rent a private car through a travel agent or a car rental company.

Mountain bikes and ordinary bicycles are cheap and the best form of transportation for economy tourists. One can hire them at Thamel, Rani Pokhari and Jhochhen.

Long distance day or night bus services are available from Kathmandu to all cities of Nepal. A new bus park has been constructed at Gongabu on the Ring Road near Balaju from where buses depart for the different destinations. Six-seat vans, 12-seat vans and air-conditioned mini-buses are also available for long distance travel.